Limiting the total headloss for outflowing water¶

Theoretically, the total energy loss at the outlet from the node, expressed as a function of the velocity head in the outlet pipe can be as high as the available energy level in the node. The limiting case occurs e.g. with a completely clogged outlet (K_m -> ¥), with no flow in the outlet pipe.

To ensure numerical stability of the computation, the maximum headloss is limited to the depth in the outlet pipe:

\[ \Delta E_{j} = \text{min}\left(h_{j}, \left(\left(1 + \zeta_{out}\right) \cdot \frac{v_{j}^{2}}{2g} -\frac{v_{m}^{2}}{2g}\right)\right) \]

Equation: Maximum headloss limited to the smaller of calculated loss or available energy in outlet pipe.